1Al-Ukhaidir Fortress – Iraq (circa 775 AD)

This large rectangular fortress near Karbala was built during the Abbasid Caliphate and is a striking example of early Islamic architecture. Al-Ukhaidir served as a military and trading hub along caravan routes.

Its thick walls, semicircular towers, and massive halls were designed to protect from invaders while serving as a base of operations for merchants and troops. The structure remains largely intact, offering a rare look at Abbasid military planning.

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